A Review on Alex Cross’s Trial Essay

Good morning everyone! Recently, I had the honour to read the book—written by Mr. James Patterson—Alex Cross’s Trial. I was awestruck by the epic struggle of the hero against the racial discrimination between the white and the coloured, as well as the absorbing plot. Therefore, I irresistibly wondered: Is Singapore a racial-harmony country? How can we make it better? Firstly, Singapore is not a standard racial-harmony country, as there are still sedition acts detected. In 2008, a middle-aged Christian couple was charged under both the Sedition Act and the Undesirable Publications Act with distributing seditious publications to two Muslim women. Does the story help y’all to reflect your daily words and deeds? Have you been a racist when people from a different race come to ask for help? Are you disgusted with their certain action or tradition, which belong to their own race? What I usually notice on the streets is- groups of one race people-walking and talking together. Keeping to their circles, many people hardly expose to other racial people. Are these scenes included in racial harmony? Secondly, Singapore is trying to create a better air of racial equality and harmony, an example of which is Racial Harmony Day. To build a democratic society, peace is indispensible. Thus, if you observe any other race people need help, you should do them a favour; If you work with other race people, you should offer to talk to them sincerely and fervently. Regardless of races, people will overcome the embarrassment, and the real racial harmony comes some day. Last but not least, Abraham J once said: â€Å"Racism is man’s gravest threat to man – the maximum of hatred for a minimum of reason.† Hence, giving up racism is another word for relieving from anxiety of worrying about threat. As harmony requires a mutual respect, doing good to other race people is much better than do nothing. Remember, racism is not born, instead, it is taught. Racial harmony is nether born nor taught, it is to be realized.

New Business Venture: Music Academy

Introduction/aground After over five years experience working In corporations, four friends have a desire to start their own business because they enjoy creating music and saw the need for music training in downtown Toronto. The music academy would cater specifically to children ages 3-16 specializing in rock music genres preparing them in lessons for â€Å"voice, guitar, keyboard, and percussion so they can perform in their own bands†(Scalable 469).By offering specialized musical theory lessons to the children (public), the music academy can create a niche market segment and obtain a portion f the current musical retail/lesson market share currently share amongst Long and Macaque, Cosmos Music, and Stave's Music. Business Objective The music academy strategic goals include growth, expansion, dominating market share, and profitability. They must fully utilize each other's strengths and weaknesses to begin the business.In order to meet these objectives, the team must cooperate, incorporate effective customer service, and use their passion for music towards teaching, while creating a diversified musical learning environment. Current Situation and Problem/Opportunity Statement Environmental scanning and market research yielded results that indicated that the music academy is currently positioned in a busy location with high traffic and opportunities include a need for specialized guitar lessons in the rock music genre. In order to capitalized the opportunity for growth and compete with current music retail/lesson businesses (I. . Long and Macaque), It would be advisable for the music academy to offer a selection of musical Instruments and accessories available for sale to the general public that Include both purchasing and financing options. The current team has the necessary skills for musical instruction involving bass, keyboard, vocals, guitar, and drums. A potential problem that poses a threat would be access to capital and making sure that the initial investment costs are covered â€Å"after two years in business†(Scalable 470).Critical Assumptions and Constraints This project requires strong participation of each music business members and the children. The four friends who participated In this music business should be able to work In a team and understand teaching children. The children must show improvement to prove the music training's effectiveness. Most members need to learn some teaching skills and training because of their lack of experience. Some members will still have other employment, so there is a need for pre-arranged shifts.Different courses with different teachers will be offered because of the members different skill set. Analysis of Options and Recommendation Our three options for our new business: 1 . Start the business immediately, since the key people are ready to build a music academy, a bass teacher who has experience of few paid gigs and also knows the aboard, a guitar teacher who can also record an d edit CDC, a singing teacher who also knows how to work a crowd, and a drum teacher who is also a music teacher in the middle school.The business can start right away according to the original plan. 2. Hold the business until there are enough staffs and Investments to start. Since there opening, until all the preparations are finished. 3. Do not start the business at all. Since the members all have Jobs and are doing well on their own, they do not really need to take the risk to start this business. Preliminary Project Requirements The main requirements of this project include the following: 1 . The business needs the initial investment amount. . The business needs cooperation of all team members. 3. The business needs a place to rent, and musical equipment. 4. Each team member needs to arrange his or her schedule because of different availabilities. 5. Each team member must be trained to teach children because not everyone knows how. Budget Estimate and Financial Analysis A prelim inary estimate of costs for the entire project is $100,000 for the first year. Most of the costs come from salaries, $108,000, then operating costs, $60,000.

Interview protocol asginment for communication interviewing class, Coursework - 1

Interview protocol asginment for communication interviewing class, - Coursework Example My duties as an Advertiser designer will include planning and organizing events of different words, photos and illustrations in the Independent. This must be eye catching to attract a wide audience to read the daily. I will also be involved in putting the portfolios together in the Newspaper to provide a presentable outline to the readers. Finally, I will be required to have excellent persuasive communication and social skills that will be essential in presenting a good storyline of adverts to the readers. Other positions that I will highly associate with to produce presentable adverts to the audience include the multimedia department in providing me with better images or photos for the advertisement. The editorial staff for providing a good story storyline for the advertisements. The staff photographer is also important in advertising and will be useful in providing me with information relating to different products being put on ads. I will also be associated with type consultant to provide a credible material to the audience where he will give reasonable advice on the advertisements. The webmaster will also help me in uploading my adverts on the web, and will need to communicate with him regularly on completion of my work. Finally and most important, is the Advertising director who will have to review my work after completion before presenting to the editors, and the webmaster for publication of the material to the audience. My greatest accomplishment so far, is that during my University education, I managed to qualify with an AA, which places me in a better position in the job market. I have also attended internship opportunities while in college meaning I have gained some experience in the job position. During my University life, I was the president of the journalism club and thus gained a lot in communication skills. In the club, we managed to write articles some of them have been published and recognized which was a great achievement with other

Sample size calculation Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sample size calculation - Math Problem Example Sampling is important in that we involve fewer respondents than using the entire population, the sample saves time and money and an appropriate sample will represent the population in that the results derived from the sample will explain the population with less error. A large sample will waste time and money while a small sample will give inaccurate results. In any given study if we were to determine the mean of the population and the mean of the sample there means are not the same, the difference between the two is termed as an error, therefore when determining the sample size we need to consider the expected error that will result to these differences. The other factor to consider is the margin of this error, this represents the maximum possible difference between the sample mean and the population mean. We consider also consider the standard deviation of the population, the reason why we consider the standard deviation is because we assume that the population assumes a normal distribution which is depicted by the central limit theorem that states that as the number of variables increase indefinitely then the variables assumes a normal distribution. For a clustered study there is need to consider the sampling design when calculating the sample size, we consider the number of clusters after calculating the sample size, after determining the sample size as shown above we multiply the results by the number of clusters, the results of this are then mu... n = [(1.96/2 . 6.9) /(0.4)] 2 n = 285.779 In this case therefore we will use a sample size n =286 derived from rounding off the figure into the nearest whole number. Cluster sampling: For a clustered study there is need to consider the sampling design when calculating the sample size, we consider the number of clusters after calculating the sample size, after determining the sample size as shown above we multiply the results by the number of clusters, the results of this are then multiplied by the an expected non response or error, example use 5%. After multiplying we then divide the results by the number of clusters to determine the number of n in each cluster. Example assumes that we have 10 clusters and we assume the level of error is 5% from our above results; the following will be the results: 285.779 X 10 = 2857.79 2857.79 X 1.05 = 3000.68 We will consider a 3,000 sample size and for each cluster we will have n = 300 Formula 2: The other formula that can be used is where we have the prevalence of the variable being studies, in this case for example we have a prevalence rate of 40% of a disease and we use the following formula: n = [Z2. x (1-x)]/ E2 Where Z is the confidence interval where if we choose 95% the area under the normal curve will be 1.96 E is the expected margin error and x is the expected prevalence of the variable being studied. Formula 3: Cochran (1963) formulated a formula that could be used in the calculation of the sample size in a study, the formula is as follows: n = (Z2 PQ)/ e2 Where n is the sample size, Z is the confidence interval, P is the estimated proportion of the attribute under study, q is derived from 1 - p and finally e is the precision level. He further stated that the above sample would further be

Property law assignment task about self-declaration of trusteeship Essay

Property law assignment task about self-declaration of trusteeship - Essay Example Whereby, courts of chancery may have to strike a balance of conscience between â€Å"equity will not perfect an imperfect gift† and â€Å"equity looks at the intent not the form†. Where the settlor is the sole trustee there is no further requirement that the subject matter of the trust are vested in them, ‘constitution’ is automatic. The duality of ownership principle in this type of trust has been justified by three very prominent cases providing for varied approaches in their reasoning. The House of Lords case of Vandervell v IRC2 held that the settlor’s original equitable interest passes to the Beneficiary by the presumption of its existence ab inito. Whereas Lord Browne-Wilkinson in Westdeutsche Landesbank v Islington LBC3 proposed a different view of this reasoning stating, the original equitable interest as â€Å"dormant† and being â€Å"carved† out of the settlor’s legal interest. Also consider the case of Re DKLR Holdings 4 in the High court of Australia where Brennan J opines â€Å"An equitable interest is not carved out of a legal estate but impressed upon it†. This legal reasoning was also applied by McLelland J in the later case of re Transphere Pty Ltd. Practically these justifications form no part of judicial reasoning in reaching decisions but provide for the legal reasoning behind the creation of trusts. The first certainty the courts are looking to satisfy in an express trust is the certainty of intention i.e. words construed as to be imperative (Knight v Knight)5. Courts may apply deductive reasoning to ascertain or infer an intention but three requirements need to be satisfied to identify it. Firstly, â€Å"what did [the settlor] intend to be the sanction? Was it to be the authority of the court of Justice or the conscience of the devisee?†- LJ Christian (McCormick v Grogan)6. The word ‘trust’ is not important to legitimise the intention of the settlor to create a trust, only his intention of a binding obligation need be conveyed(Re Kayford)7. Secondly, the intention is made manifest (Re Vandervell’s Trusts (No.2)). Precatory words to benefit another are not sufficient (Jones v Lock)8 reaffirmed in Lambe v Eames9. Also the courts may take a different approach in finding such an intention in the contested declaration, it was held in Comiskey v Bowring-Hanbury10 that the courts will consider the context of the words used as important and may infer an intention to create a valid trust. Thirdly, the test of construction of the manifested intent is objective irrespective of the settlor’s actual intentions (Gissing v Gissing)11. As mentioned earlier precatory words are not sufficient to ascertain a valid self-declaration of trusteeship but the courts have not gone so far as to particularize words deemed to be sufficient. In Richards v Delbridge it was stated that the settlor does not need to use particular words: ‘†¦he ne ed not use words ‘I declare myself trustee’, but he must do something which is equivalent to it, and use expressions which have that meaning.’ In Re Cozens, Neville J stated what was required in order to establish that an owner had effectively declared himself trustee of his own property: ‘†¦.in each case where a declaration of trust is relied on the Court must be satisfied that a present, irrevocable declaration of tru

Single, Married, Separated and Life after Divorce Essay

Single, Married, Separated and Life after Divorce - Essay Example many convincing bible verse evidences, the author proposes that the spouses must strive to keep their marriage alive, resolving individual or family risk and enhancing resilience. The intended audience of Munroe Myles’s book is anyone who can read a book. The audience includes married and single readers. The audience includes the separated or divorced readers. The audience target includes people who are currently in love or breaking out of love. Singleness. â€Å"One lady approached the author stating â€Å"I can’t take it anymore. I am tired of being single. I need a mate now. I am growing older, and life is passing me by (Munroe 11).† The author describes that there are many advantage to being single. First, one will have a unique person. There is no nagging spouse or noisy children. The cultural, social, and economic tenets of society dictates that it is best for a person to get married, a world order (2 Cor 4:4) Further, the author reiterates that the bible does not equate being single as bad or equate being single as being alone. Being single is not the same as being alone. The author insists that one should not marry until one is totally singe. To marry, one must first be separate, unique, and a whole person (Munroe 12). Often marriages crumble into separation or divorce because the marriage partners are not unique or single. The goal of the Christian life is to be separate, unique, and whole person, a vessel that holds a priceless treasure, Jesus Christ (2 Cor 4:7) (Munroe 14). Married. The author insists that the traditional concept of marriage is that it is the basic building block or foundation of society. The reiterates that â€Å"marriage works perfectly only if the right ingredients are mixed together (Munroe 68).† The lack of the minimum required ingredient declines to the state of separation or divorce. Further, the author insists that one should marry only to comply with God’s will (Munroe 140).When the marriage breaks up; society also

Comparing internet search engines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing internet search engines - Essay Example Excite does have such categorization; however the classification with regard to sponsored links and common links are not evident from the search engine. The usability of Alta Vista is larger than Excite. Page layout is better in Alta Vista than Excite. It scores better in usability as per Neilson (2007) which stresses on white background and blue in the pages. The standard links in blue also make a large impact in determining the visibility of the links on the white background. Use of wildcards is quite evident in Alta Vista which is one of the prime features in this search engine. The use of wild cards would not result in any search help in Excite as the feature is not visible. The proximity of searching is done for fetching the closest words near to the meaning of the words to be searched. The idea is to search the relative keywords for the words supplied for searching. The feature of large importance is the search results. It is justified in case of Excite to have so less search results, that the connector element is OR, so it puts an OR clause between every keyword which makes it vulnerable to search less. This is one of the biggest disadvantages of Excite. On the other hand, Alta Vista puts an AND clause in between the words to search the topic and ensure that all the various searches are enlisted at large. This provides a very close match for the topic. The page payout is simple and search results are faster in Alta vista in spite of its display of million records. In comparison, some of the links and features like the drop down button at the top left corner of the Excite search give an error page. Hyperlinks follow standard HTML conventions; they are blue and underlined providing clarity to the user. Links are self-describing and adhere to the heuristic guideline speak the users language (Singh, 2003). A point of difference is that, Excite uses other search engines for displaying content and this is evident from the option it

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business report - Essay Example Abstract: This report looks at the influence culture has had on the world of business. The report closely examines the methodology used to conduct business between different companies with different origins of country. The report focuses on the communication barrier that is caused to due to the difference in the two cultures and the main issues that arise when conducting business. The report discusses the rules suggested when negotiating, the various phases of a negotiation and the steps that need to be followed while conducting business with organizations from different cultures. The report concludes stating that conducting business in a country according to the cultural norms of that country dramatically improves the chances of success. Foreword: With the concept of multinational business on the rise there is a need for many to effectively communicate with individuals from different parts of the world having different backgrounds, beliefs, and cultures. Organizations have to be pre pared when they conduct business in different countries. ... Aims: The main aim of this report is to discuss the various cultural and communication issues that arise while conducting business in different countries and particularly in UAE. The report also aims to provide various approaches that can be made to ensure success within the business world of the United Arab Emirates. Introduction: Effective communication is important for an organization to function and perform day to day activities smoothly. The expansion of business to different geographic locations around the globe has brought new challenges for the business world. The difference in customs and languages causes difficulty in effective communication within an organization. Cross cultural communication relates to an area of study that deals with communication between different individuals from different cultural and ethnic background. The main issue that arises in cross cultural communication is the different language being used in different countries. The second is proper advertisi ng and understanding the targeted audience of a particular country. The third thing to consider would be the norms of the culture. Fourth would be their customs. Last would be the political influences within a country. These five factors should be addressed when conducting business overseas or when employing individuals from different ethnic and cultural background. Issues: Language barrier Language barrier is a term used to describe the difficulties people face when they do not have a common language to communicate. To counter the effects of the language barrier either one of the two parties or both have to learn a new language. The services of an interpreter can be sought

Contraction in Smooth Muscle Cells compared to Contraction in Skeletal Essay

Contraction in Smooth Muscle Cells compared to Contraction in Skeletal Muscle Cells - Essay Example In this assignment, based on studies, a comparison has been drawn between the contractions of these two types muscles at the cellular and molecular levels. Before going into this discussion, contraction must be defined. Contraction is defined by activation of the muscle fibers with a demonstrable shortening of the muscle fibers2. The physiological events in relation to muscle contraction have been delineated in great detail, and they reveal that basically, with neural stimulation there occurs a series of molecular events initiated by increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration. In this assignment, these events will be looked at in a greater detail to compare these events between the striated and nonstriated muscles. Each skeletal muscle is made up of a large number of skeletal muscle fibers, which are thin cylindrical multinucleated cells of variable length, which in turn are made up of myofibrils, which are bundles of filamentous structures running along the length of the fiber. While observing skeletal- or cardiac smooth muscle fibers through microscope, a series of light and dark bands perpendicular to the long axis of the fiber are very conspicuous. Actually, each myofibril consists of repeating sarcomeres, and the alignment of these sarcomeres3 between adjacent myofibrils gives rise to these bands in the skeletal muscle. The structural plan of the myofibril is such that the sarcomeres are placed end to end, and this fundamental contractile unit is visible within skeletal and cardiac muscles. On the contrary, smooth muscle cells do not show a banding pattern. Actually, the arrangement of sarcomeres leads to the striated pattern in skeletal and cardiac fibers, and sarcomeres in turn comprise of alternate arrangements of numerous thick and thin filaments in the cytoplasm to give rise to roughly 1-2 micrometer cylindrical bundles. Smooth muscles are abundant mainly in the visceral organs, such as, gut, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus, and they are to serve a particular function. For example, smooth muscles present in the sphincters are designed to maintain a steady contraction for long periods of time and then rapidly relax or in other muscles, they remain constantly activated. To suit these varied functions, the smooth muscles consists of sheets of many small spindle-shaped cells linked together by junctional contacts. Although these serve as mechanical continuity between adjacent spindles, actually, in places there are gap junctions that are designed to provide electrical continuity between cells. Each cell is uninucleated, shorter than striated muscles, and broader than a myofibril. Unlike striated muscle, no cross striations are visible, although they contain the same contractile protein filaments, actin and myosin. It is important to note that their arrangement is irregular in a loose lattice unlike th e regular arrangement of skeletal and smooth muscles. Myosin has been termed as a molecular motor. This consists of two heavy chains and two pairs of light chains. The two terminal ends of the heavy chains create a coil that aggregate in the cell to create the basic unit of a thick filament. The remainder of this molecule juts outward from the thick filament creating the cross-bridge. Thus, these polypeptides combine

Marketing Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Communication - Essay Example Partnership with an agency will pool resources and promote a project with more people, expertise, and capabilities working towards the same goal. As a result, an organization can produce a synergistic effect greater what it could achieve on its own. Choosing a communication agency or what some call an information agency is, therefore, a pivotal task for the success of a particular communications project. There is no standard selection process for this task since organizations follow different approaches tailored according to their requirements. However, it should be done in a systematic manner so that the organization does not lose time, effort and money. All processes in communication agency selection start with the decision to seek an agency and henceforth, a definition of exactly what the organization will require from the agency (in terms of capabilities, skills, tasks, etc.) as well as the expected nature of the client-agency relationship. In defining agency requirements, a marketing audit may be performed. Current services must be analyzed to determine who is served well and how well. Marketing audit, Greg Clarke (2000) wrote, is a systematic information gathering process that highlights clearly where an organization stands along a scale ranging from no marketing to total sophistication. (p. 184) The idea is that by employing such approach a communication agency’s niche – a portion of a market segment in which that provider can meet specialized needs that are not being met by other providers as well as the specific services, capabilities, commitment, and experience offered – will be identified. An organizati on can, hence, filter out the agencies that would not meet their requirements. The downside of this process is that it could be a daunting task when performed early in the process.  

Contrasting the View of the Ultimate Reality in Relation to Science Essay Example for Free

Contrasting the View of the Ultimate Reality in Relation to Science Essay What compels mankind to seek unity between, science and religion, two compartmentalized and distinct aspects of our world? John Polkinghorne states, in â€Å"Does God Act in the Physical World†, â€Å"The demand for an integrated account of both theological and scientific insight impels us to the task† (Polkinghorne 59). Yet Polkinghorne is not alone is his quest; in â€Å"Emptiness and Form† Fritjof Capra connects the ultimate reality with the physical world. While Polkinghorne and Capra agree on certain ideals, such as the man’s inability to fully grasp the ultimate and the incorporation of quantum mechanics in each one’s respective argument, they also contrast in terms of the religions they use to defend their argument. This leads to differences in their views on the ultimate and His interaction with the physical world. While this leads to two distinct and diverse arguments, I believe that both arguments are equally presented in a reputable and successful manner. At one point in each of their respective arguments, Polkinghorne and Capra clearly state that the understanding of the ultimate reality cannot be fully understood by humankind. Polkinghorne writes, â€Å"We are a long way from a full understanding of our own powers of agency, let alone how it is that God works in the world† (Polkinghorne 74). Due to our limited minds and capabilities, mankind will never be able to fully grasp the ultimate reality in its full essence. It is quite mindboggling, if not impossible, to fully understand the ultimate reality, when it is as an infinite and omnipresent being. â€Å"The reality underlying all phenomena is beyond all forms and defies all description and specification† (Capra 211). The professor who taught my freshman Colloquium on Science and Religion once stated that God cannot be put in a test tube. While he did say this statement as a means to refute the existence of an ultimate reality, his assertion is valid; there is only so much we can know about the divine. It is crucial that both Polkinghorne and Capra affirm this position in order to clarify that while it is possible to unify the ultimate reality with the physical world, we will never fully understand the relationship. In evolution terms, there seems to be a â€Å"missing link† that allows us to connect both aspects. Also, both Polkinghorne and Capra use the ideas and concepts of quantum mechanics as premises when connecting the ultimate reality with the physical world. Capra’s discussion of electrons and photons becomes the premise for one of his deductions. Capra writes, â€Å"The full interaction between the electrons will involve a series of photon exchanges†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (216). This leads to the assertion that there are no true forces in the subatomic world but that these interactions are due to the exchange of particles, that according to the quantum field theory are created and destroyed (Capra 217). These two premises lead Capra to state, â€Å"The electromagnetic forces are due to the presence of virtual photons ‘within’ charged particles†¦[and]†¦the forces between particles appear as intrinsic properties of the particles. † After deducing this premise Capra goes on to say, â€Å"Such a view of forces is also characteristic of Eastern mysticism which regards motion and change as essential and intrinsic properties of all things† (221). In order to clarify this statement he utilizes aspects of Chinese religion and explains how this assumption of quantum mechanics is connected to the ultimate reality. Like Capra, Polkinghorne makes use of the theories and ideas of quantum mechanics as premise to relate the ultimate with the physical. One of the ideas he uses is the chaos theory. The theory says that events in a chaotic system are random but Polkinghorne employs this theory in his argument in order to show how deterministic chaos is not a valid argument, which will eventually lead to his idea of an open system. He says, â€Å"A chaotic system is not totally ‘chaotic’ in the popular sense, corresponding to absolutely random behavior. † There are certain possibilities known as a â€Å"strange attractor† and its limited to a certain extent, but this â€Å"detailed future behaviour of a chaotic system is unknowable† (Polkinhorne 52). Later on in his argument, Polkinghorne discusses the idea of deterministic chaos and consider it from a different viewpoint. He writes: Instead of adopting the conventional strategy of saying this shows that simple determinism underlies even apparently complex random behavior, I prefer the realist strategy of seeking the closest alignment of ontology and epistemology†¦[which] has the additional advantage of accommodating the notion of top-down causality in a natural way (Polkinghorne 64). The premise of top-down causality leads to his connection of the ultimate reality with the physical world and that God interacts with the world in a top-down fashion. If the ultimate reality does truly interact with the world, then this will lead to the discussion of an open system in which Polkinghorne also uses the basis of quantum mechanics in order to make a postulation. Another major theories Polkinghorne frequently refers to in his argument is the Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which states that we cannot simultaneously know the position and momentum of any particle (53). This idea of uncertainty in the physical world is the premise that leads to Polkinghorne’s assumption of the universe as an open system. He writes, â€Å"The ‘gaps’ of quantum uncertainty operate only in particular circumstances†¦to produce an openness at the lever of classical physics† (Polkinghorne 60). While Polkinghorne advocates the idea of an open system, it is evident that his counter partner, Capra, sees the universe as a closed system. One of the major differences between Capra and Polkinghorne is the concept of a closed system versus an open system. Capra respectively agrees and accepts with the view of the universe as a closed system. Capra explains this concept by first explaining the idea of matter and empty space or the full and the void. He discusses how these are interconnected. â€Å"The two cannot be distinguished† (Capra 208). In Eastern religions, this Void â€Å"has an infinite creative potential†¦[which]†¦like the quantum field, it gives birth to an infinite variety of forms which it sustains and eventually reabsorbs† (Capra 212). The notion of it sustaining itself and reabsorbing leads to the idea of a system that is set up and is able to maintain itself without the help of an ultimate being. Buddhism expressed this idea of form and emptiness in a single whole entity. Capra quotes, â€Å"‘Form is emptiness, and emptiness is indeed form. Emptiness is not different from form, form is not different from emptiness. What is form that is emptiness, what is emptiness that is form’† (215). Also, Capra states that this form and emptiness is elevated into a vacuum diagram that â€Å"contains an unlimited number of particles which come into being and vanish without end. † This â€Å"physical vacuum†¦contains the potentiality for all forms of the particle world† (Capra 222). This system implies that the relationship between the ultimate reality and the physical world is one where the divine has set up system and does not intervene in our world. This premise eventually leads to the idea that there is no free will and that the universe is determined. This view of the universe completely changes the way we perceive the world. Without free will morals and ethics lose validity and are worthless to society. It is quite evident that Polkinghorne disagrees with this concept and presents his views of an open system. Polkinghorne would classify the idea of a universe as an closed system under â€Å"a minimalist response [which] is to decline to speak of particular divine actions and to confine theological talk to the single great act of holding the universe in being. † Polkinghorne believes that most scientists do not even consider this notion of a minimalist to be valid. He states that while God did establish the laws and set up the universe, this does not impede his interaction in the universe (Polkinghorne 54). He sees the connection between the ultimate reality and the physical world as â€Å"relating divine agency to human agency. † Polkinghorne explains, â€Å"When we act, we seem to do so as total beings† (57). Therefore God acts in the same as humans do, but it is seen as a God in relation to his creation. This premise leads to the top-down notion of the parts depending on the whole. With this top-down premise, Polkinghorne strengthens his argument of an open system by exhibiting that we are dependent on God, whether through the establishment of the laws or divine intervention in the universe. Polkinghorne also classifies the closed system as a â€Å"block universe†. He writes, â€Å"It is sometimes claimed that science endorses the alternative view that the universe ‘is’ rather than ‘becomes’† (Polkinghorne 68). This implies that the universe has a certain determinacy and that God does not act in the universe. Since the universe â€Å"is†, then it is conclusive that God must know the future because it is already determined. The view of the open system appears to be more logical and realistic, but at the expense of God’s infinite and omnipresent capabilities. He says, â€Å"†¦it is the universe of becoming that is the correct picture, then surely God must know it in its temporality, as it actually is. God must not just know that events are successive; they must be known in their succession† (Polkinghorne 69). While I agree that the universe is an open system, it cannot be at the expenditure of God. Say a person is on a roof looking down at an intersection; he can see all and everything laid out before him. He observes two cars coming at the intersection at the same time and foresees an accident. This is analogous to God and the universe, where God is in a position to see all and foretell all. Obviously, this is not a perfect analogy since the person is constricted by time and therefore could be incorrect in his assumptions. Therefore, if we accept the premise that God is infinite and outside the constricts of time, then we can conclude that God or the ultimate reality knows the future in an open system. The most crucial difference between the arguments of Polkinghorne and Capra is their definition of the ultimate reality. In each of their respective claims, the view of the ultimate reality has a drastic effect on the outcome of each argument. The belief in certain characteristics of an ultimate reality is important when there is an attempt to connect it to the physical world. Through further analysis of both arguments, it is evident that the difference between Polkinghorne and Capra is basically a Western Religion versus Eastern Religion discussion. It is evident that Capra takes the side of Eastern Religion; his book is titled The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism. Throughout his argument he constantly refers to the ideas and beliefs of religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Chinese religion. He quotes from their texts in an attempt to connect their ultimate reality with the physical world. On the other hand, Polkinghorne utilizes Western religion as a means of connecting the ultimate reality with the physical world. Specifically he uses the values and teachings of Christian traditions. He says that the discussion of the unity of the ultimate reality and the physical world is â€Å"a perennial issue on the Christian agenda† (Polkinghorne 48). One aspect of the arguments that I found to be perplexing was the use of the same laws of the physical world as at he basis of each author’s respective argument. Obviously, Polkinghorne and Capra have their own agenda and argument. Therefore, what does this say about the laws of the physical world; can they simply manipulate to agree with any form of the ultimate? This cannot be valid or then the laws of the physical world can be disfigured in order to fit any belief system or value; either Polkinghorne must be right and Capra wrong, or vice versa. We cannot accept this dualistic view of the world that the universe can be open in some instances and closed in others. Yet, this view arises when we fail to realize that there is one ultimate reality or truth. If there was one truth, then there would only be one way to connect this ultimate to the physical world. At the same time, we cannot say that Polkinghorne is correct and Capra is wrong, or vice versa. If the premises that they base their arguments off are valid then we cannot deduce which argument is better, but only say that it is a conflict of realities. The success of the arguments lies in the belief of the premises of the religious and physical world. Faith is the true deciding factor that will allow us to declare a winner in this pursuit of the unity of the ultimate reality and the physical world. If we assume that the premises of the physical world and quantum mechanics in each argument to be the same, then the only significant difference between each argument is the view of the ultimate reality. Since I have Christian traditions and beliefs I would strongly side with Polkinghorne’s argument. Yet, if there is a person who has no solid beliefs, then these two arguments would seem valid and justifiable in their eyes, due to their lack of knowledge of the ultimate reality.

Major Roles Of Development Studies Politics Essay

Major Roles Of Development Studies Politics Essay We live in an unequal world: one part of the world is suffering from hunger, poverty, high child mortality rates, mortal diseases and numerous other grave issues; the other part of the world benefits from high income rates, very good health care systems, excellent educational institutions and superior standards of living. Progressively, many international institutions and non-governmental organizations have taken a stand against this inequality and they continuously seek to develop the world into a better place with better standards. These organizations believe they can make a change by supporting underdeveloped countries and by coming up with measures and goals for the whole world in order to try and stop the biggest threats to further development. Development Studies is, in fact, one of the recent and most important branches of political science nowadays. It is through Development Studies that one can understand the tragic imbalance of the world, and come up with solutions to tackl e the issues threatening development. Therefore, research and statistics form a major role in Development Studies; by carrying out specific research, one can identify what is hindering a particular country from further development and what solutions may be applied. Throughout the years, many scholars tried to quantify development and find ways to measure it and undoubtedly the most successful instrument for development existing today is the one named Human Development Index (HDI). While many believe that this is the best system and the best indicator vis-à  -vis global development, some others believe that there is still much more to be done, and that the HDI might still need some adjustments. This paper addresses the issue of development in todays unequal world, as well as presents all the arguments in favour and against the use of HDI as the first and most important tool to measure development. What is Development? Many scholars, politicians and writers use the term development in their studies, talks or books; however, these persons might be using the word in different contexts. For the sake of this essay, it is imperative to give out the definition of the word development as it is going to be used throughout the whole paper. Professor Jeffrey Haynes, successful author and lecturer, defines development as a key dimension of personal life, social relations, politics, economics and culture.  [1]  Development does, in fact, touch many branches of one particular country (economic, social and cultural development); therefore it is made up of various components. Furthermore, Development Studies is a vast and rapidly expanding field of inquiry  [2]  ; as the word itself suggests, development continuously changes it is never static. The components making part of development might increase or decrease throughout the years. It is difficult to set a date to the rise of interest in Development Studies. However, Dr Clark, through his acclaimed book, estimates the origin of awareness in the field of development around the late 1940s and early 1950s  [3]  , when there was an increasing interest in development economics  [4]  . Other scholars, such as Todaro and Smith comment on how the Europeans were unable to reach a certain level of developed economy within their countries a decade or so after, despite the willingness and hard work involved.  [5]   The notion of human development concerns the actual lives and conditions of the citizens of a specific country; Haynes accurately defines human development as a matter concerned with [the] stability, security and citizens relative prosperity.  [6]  Human development treats all of its components on an equal basis, giving them direct value  [7]  . Since development has a vital link with the wealth of a country, this does not mean that it is highly or solely influenced by the national income rates: Human development is about much more than the rise and fall of national incomes. It is about creating an environment in which people can develop their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. People are the real wealth of nations.  [8]   The importance of global development in the world has gradually increased. Nowadays we know more about development, how to measure it and achieve it. Furthermore, there are numerous organizations and international institutions, such as the UN, who give development a huge significance within their agenda and who continuously give their support to underdeveloped countries and urge the world to support each other out. Measuring Development There can be no improvement in the field of development if proper analysis is not carried out for every single country and region of the world. Good analysis of statistics provides identification of threats to further development and of possible solutions for improvement: The analysis of development goals is part of the analysis of development.  [9]   Therefore, measuring development is a significant step in identifying the development index of a country. The problem still remains on what is considered to be a component in measuring the development of a country. Development indicators can be many: the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within a country, the Gross National Income (GNI), the life expectancy rate, gross education enrolment rates and more. Many scholars do not agree on what these development indicators should be. There have been numerous conflicting papers written by scholars stating their own opinions on the matter. For example, economist Jan Drewnowski repeatedly states that while economic development indicators contain concrete figures, social development indicators do not possess such precise quantitative results.  [10]  He states that welfare indicators are observable and measurable phenomena and that welfare is not directly measurable, but he also says that although measuring such development indicators might not produce perfect results, it is better than doing nothing at all. Other scholars provide other views; economists Irma Adelman and Cynthia Taft-Morris make a case for a more flexible approach to the measurement of institutional phenomena, which would rely on expert judgment on qualitative rankings.  [11]  12 Throughout the years many scholars and organizations have attempted to come up with an instrument to measure development. Although there is still no existing perfect method of achieving such data, there is one leading collection of data which is continuously cited by organizations and governments alike. This index-list was undertaken by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and is mostly referred to as the Human Development Index (HDI). What are HDR and HDI? The HDI is a result of the Human Development Report (HDR), a report produced every year by the UNDP. The first HDR was published in 1990 while the latest HDR was published last year, marking its 20th anniversary edition.  [13]   Within the report, the UNDP analyses the results of its research in the development field. For example, the 2010 HDR published by the UNDP contained chapters about various branches of development which analyzed either progress or regress on a global level. In the 2010 HDR, one can learn how progress in the health sector has slowed down, while gender differences in the education sector decreased as well. Other examples include the increased (global) levels of education but also the problem of children not learning.  [14]   For better or for worse, the annual HD reports have provided an intrinsic method of measurement of development. One of the highlights of the HDR is undoubtedly the HDI. Most governments, international and national organizations give a lot of attention to the HDI, because it provides a set of ranks and indices attributed to a number of countries in the world.  [15]   The HDI essentially is a figure, ranging from 0 to 1. This is measured by combining indicators of life expectancy, educational attainment and income.  [16]  All countries participating in the HDR are ranked numerically according to this figure. The HDI list in itself is made up of four categories of groups of countries with: very high human development (42 countries in 2010), high human development (43 countries in 2010), medium human development (42 countries in 2010) and low human development (42 countries in 2010)  [17]  . It is through these three basic development indicators that the UNDP was able to produce such a high-quality index: Life expectancy For this particular development indicator, the HDI takes the average life years of a citizen in a specific country during a period of thirty years. For the 2010 HDI, for every country on the list, the life expectancy rate was calculated on the timeframe starting from 1980 till 2010. The minimum value was set at 20 years, whereas the maximum one was set at 83.2 years.  [18]   Education The second development indicator used in the HDI is education, and this is calculated by looking at the average years of schooling of every minor and adult citizen at every level of education.  [19]  This HDI indicator also encompasses the gross enrollment rate of the country; both the people applying for education and the school-leavers are taken into consideration when formulating the education indicator. This indicator, just like the previous one, reflects the regress or progress made in a specific country on a timeframe of thirty years, from 1980 till 2010.  [20]   Income The last indicator for development is income, or the wealth component.  [21]  When carrying out its research and analysis, the UNDP sets the minimum per capita gross national income (GNI) rate at $163 (purchasing power parity PPP) at its maximum income rate at $108,211.  [22]  The minimum rate was actually attained by Zimbabwe in 2008, marking it the lowest income rate in history so far. This income value of $163 means just around 45 cents of income every day.  [23]   It is therefore believed that the key to further development is found in the combination of the above three development indicators. Geometrically, the HDI ranking can be calculated using the following economic formula: HDI = ( 1/3 Life expectancy rate + 1/3 education rate + 1/3 income rate)  [24]   Using this formula, the UNDP was able to create the HDIs of the last twenty years. The following table portrays some results from the 2010 HDI, showing one country from all four categories of the HDI. For every country represented in the table there are the resultant figures of the three main HDI indicators. HDI Rank Country HDI value Life expectancy (years) Mean years of schooling (years) Expected years of schooling (years) GNI per capita (PPP 2008 $) GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank Nonincome HDI value 1 Norway 0.938 81.0 12.6 17.3 58,810 2 0.954 56 Mexico 0.750 76.7 8.7 13.4 13,971 -3 0.785 89 China 0.663 73.5 7.5 11.4 7,258 -4 0.707 169 Zimbabwe 0.140 47.0 7.2 9.2 176 0 0.472 Data source: UNDP 2010 HDI  [25]   As one can clearly see, the leading country in the world with the best possible value was found to be Norway, which attained the HDI value of 0.938. All Norwegian statistics are impressive in all sectors of development. Leading economical countries, such as China and India, do not have such impressive results, with them ranking 89th and 119th respectively. The country ranking last with the worst HDI value in the world is the African country of Zimbabwe, of which statistics contrast severely with those of Norway. In fact, an average Zimbabwean lives up to 47 years and enjoys only $176 GNI per capita. The Arguments in Favour of HDI Since 1990, there have been many scholars and economists who have praised the initiative behind the HDI. In fact, many have considered the HDI as a huge step towards understanding what human development constitutes and what changes are needed. The HDI was first seen as an ideal way to compare one country with another and to find a specific countrys place in the whole world. In fact, this method simplifies the comparison among countries  [26]  , and this can beneficial to all governments in order for them to perform better as countries and states. Consequently, this index is described as instructive  [27]  as its empirical relevance has proved to be very meaningful to [both] UN agencies and governments all over the world.  [28]   Throughout the years, distinguished political scientists have continuously declared that the HDI contributes in terms of multidimensionality  [29]  . Among such scholars, one finds Streeten (1994 and 1995), Desai (1993) and Ul Haq (1998), with the latter saying that HDI can capture many aspects of human life that were not capture before.  [30]   Most positive feedback concerning HDI has been about how the HDI has managed to reflect the human condition in no other way other methods can. The methodology used in HDI has also been described as being relatively simple  [31]  , thus favoring it over other indices such as the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) and the Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI); its strength lies in its simplicity: a simple measure is more understandable to the policy-maker and the public.  [32]   The Arguments against HDI The HDI gained a lot of criticism from scholars and economists alike; this chapter will focus on the most famous critiques. Some writers criticized the indicators the UNDP used to measure development and discourage the practice of classifying countries into the three bins,  [33]  while others disapproved of the whole system, labeling it theoretically weak (Srinivasan 1994). Moreover, Amartya Sen was concerned by the difficulties of capturing the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index.  [34]  There are also a few who think that the HDI leaves a lot of questions unanswered and they proposed development indices specific to each and every country (such as an American HDI)  [35]  In fact, the HDI seems to conduct general analysis, ignoring differences.  [36]  37This last argument is also sustained by Hicks.  [38]   The majority of critiques debate on the HDI indicators used. Some of them do not agree on how the UNDP uses these indicators, or on how the UNDP interprets its results. For example, the Task Force on Education and Gender Equality disapproves the use of education enrolment rates, finding them imprecise, and proposes school completion rates instead, defining them a more appropriate indicator of educational output'.  [39]   Some others argue on the lack of HDI indicators. Eric Neumayer believes that there is the need of a greener HDI; he argues that the HDI does not take into account natural resource exploitation and environmental degradation  [40]  Finally, there is also a group of writers (like McGillivray, 1991) who believe that the HDI is redundant, meaning that it provides very little or no insight to its analysis. Conclusion Taking into consideration what has been said on the subject, one cannot deny that the HDI has been influential in bringing forward the concept of development. It has been an impressive advancement from the previous attempts. Using the HDI as the main tool for development presents many advantages for governments, to improve their countries its role has been instructive throughout. However, many critics emphasize the disadvantages of HDI, such as the lack of sufficient insight or efficient indicators. Therefore, one can conclude that while it still stands as the reigning instrument to measure development, the HDI leaves much to be done and that in order to achieve a more efficient result, one has to make amendments the HDI is not [yet] an indicator that can reflect properly the idea that Human Development concept brings in itself.  [41]  

Training And Development In Hrm Management Essay

Training And Development In Hrm Management Essay The Tesco is one of the recognized supermarkets in the UK and being dominating the supermarkets of the region with both global sales and domestic sales and having a high market share. The company originally provides or serves food but later it stated expanding its services to several sectors such as clothing, electronic goods, consumer financial services, internet service and telecoms. The companys strategy is focused based on the long term planning in four major sectors such as: center UK business, non food business, retail service and global presence in 2004, stores continue to expand to cater the customers by increasing to 99 to an 208 stores in 2005, which is massive move by the company intended to open half of this in the Asian region. Tesco exclaims that this possible because of the operation strategy and management team. The Tesco started it business process as self service supermarkets in the U.S. after sometime the company realized mainly the management realized that selling huge range of products and with larger stock volumes, and employing fewer staffs dramatically lowered the product prices. It was in the middle of 90s when the stepped in to Britain with the style of self servicing stores. After 20 years the name became familiar to the British not only for grocery items but also for the fresh food, clothing and other consumer goods. Human Resource Management The HRM is the strategic approach of the management of an organization on mainly valued assets- the people are the essential resource for an human resource management which should be properly maintained- the people working in the particular organization working individually or group they need to contribute to the achievement of the company objective of the business. Any organization, may it be into profit or not into profit the company should allocate and utilize the employees working condition with intelligence and efficiency. The human resource has been changed or replaced with personnel management. HRM means effectively employing employees developing their capabilities and increasing their capacities, developing, compensating and maintaining their service to the organization with the job and organizational necessities. In an organization the human resource is an important role in every organization. The HR functions or role to identify the employees well being in the customer point of view and provide them better facilities to the people who are has been employed. Furthermore the structure of the employees will strengthen the organizational performance and increase the productivity of the company; therefore its necessary to organization to clearly identify the necessities of the employees for the organization, in order to be effective and efficient in their performance. Almost all the companies struggle to retain their work force or find difficult to identify their ideal workforce that provide participating innovative to the company and also be customer focused in everything the company does. The HRM best practices is set to identify the present level of the organization performance and the current issues on the process of HR and then would also to identify how and with what qualification and with what attitude do the company should select and recruit the selected people. The primary goal in HRM is to help the organization to meet the primary objectives of the company by attracting and maintaining employees and also managing them effectively to achieve the goal. The key word here would be FIT where the HRM approach to seeks to ensure the management of the organization. There few key areas which a company should identify and try to get attached to these factors in order to achieve the goals of the organization by hiring efficient employees. Educate the workforce to sustain competitiveness of the organization. Expand and correspond industrial policies and procedures in line with legislation. Participating in criticism and disciplinary enquiry. Direct negotiations. Execute termination plus hiring measures. Connection with trade unions. Performance and outcomes of combined bargaining and negotiation. Enlarge suitable compensation systems for the organization. Supervise overall labor costs. In this the company such as Tesco consist 240,000 employees that contributed to  £33 billion in 2005. Which show the effectiveness strategies have been place in the company, and its effective implementation of HR functions proves itself that HR is a tool to gain competitive advantage, Bring governed by the CEO or the top management. The company such has Tesco provided a comprehensive implementation of its HR functions with the respect of its employees wellbeing. Furthermore the company has highlighted that the plan to gain competitive advantage of the competitive situation not by just doing stock selling or serviced and marketed at the customer interface. This show that the company should implement breakthrough the way they meet their customers, and design a proper way of interacting procedures to meet the customers, in related to Tesco the products and services of the company has already reached to the edge of their market operation. Apart from this continuous strategic review is essential for accompany such as Tesco on strategic planning and innovation, welfare management, HR strategies, customer relations. The company main interest is to invest in the international market and also into their manpower because the company values employees a lot. The empowerment of employees is the potential of an organization linking workers in the decisions making process in fact had many positive outcomes for the company has a whole. Over a periods of tim e the company advocates of participative management have trustily maintains that the techniques provides an boost in the level of employee satisfaction, Furthermore the leadership is also an essential key to implement HR strategies and also to develop of groups organizations and nations. The leadership has become an important factor in behavioral and management sciences. Its always considered that good leadership is essential for the organizational functions. Implementing successful leadership style appropriate toward the working situation and management plan in Tesco HR practice assures ultimate growth in the companys performance and achievement. And Tesco is well aware of the changes and the strategic reviews that would able to examine the change and developing the trends of the job market, Training and development Training and development is an important tool for every company that wanted to gain competitive advantage the TD consigns to the communicate of precise skills, abilities and knowledge to an employee The definition of training development as follows It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviours to enhance the performance of employees. The need of training and development is firmed by the employees performance shortage. Based on the criteria the Tesco has been training effectively the company also states that training scheme is more important for the employees in Tesco In fact, theres a training scheme for every major career stage at Tesco which is often flexible and tailored to your personal needs which is one of the reasons why 80% of our management roles are filled by existing team members. The company has its own training academy to train the employees which delivers training within is business activities. The company had made a strategic review in order to increase the efficiency of the company. The academy director state the following statement regarding the strategic review of the company We wanted to work in partnership with a like-minded organisation that had a proven track record in trainer development but was flexible and pragmatic enough to adapt to Tesco needs. As the process of review the academy developed a certification scheme was devised within the framework of the trainer assessment which was derived to deliver a programme of courses within the academy portfolio. Aims/Objectives of training and development The main purpose of the training is to help the company to achieve its ultimate goal and by adding importance to its key resources to the people it occupy. Training is the process of investing in the people to facilitate to execute faster and empower them to make the best use of their natural abilities. These are the following objective of training and development. Increase the capability of employees and develop their performance. Facilitate individuals to nurture inside the organisation in order that, as far as potential, its upcoming needs for human resource are able to be met from within. To decrease the learning time for employees opening in new jobs on appointment, Transfer or promotion, and guarantee to facilitate they become fully experienced as rapidly and inexpensively as potential. Therefore according to Tesco the company has its own strategic review which was to achieve several targets, the proposed certification course was designed to meet the needs of those responsible of training and to provide training delivery within the academy and across the business certification in cooperation afforded by The Training Foundation and by Tesco Academy. The proposed strategic certification has brought high level of confident by the employees and they also started delivering high quality of training to their subordinates, the academy director speaks that The skills provided by The Training Foundation have helped us create great training programs that are directly linked to business needs. The Tesco Academy brand now acts as a guarantee to our people that the training they will receive will be of a consistently high quality. The main aim of the company is to increase their efficiency and gain competitive advantage by consistently increasing and improving their training and development for the employees. Training and development as a competitive advantage Companies obtain competitive advantage from TD programs. As it was mentioned earlier, this will help to remove the bottlenecks and inefficiencies in employees. The facts seems to be true when there is deficiency the employees may lack of ability and rather lack in motivation as to perform as well, this will greatly impact the performance of the company, but and when the individuals concerned comprise the ability and motivation need to do the job assigned in a better way. Therefore Tesco has clearly identified the importance of providing a better training to its employers which had made them to increase their competitive advantage the company mentions that We have significantly increased the number of people able to design and deliver training internally and reduced our external training costs, which means it is simpler for our staff, cheaper for Tesco and better for customers. This is the process which clearly states that the company has been edging in its performance as a largest re tailer in the UK region providing better training and development for the employers and as well reducing the deficiency of the employees and developing strategic review to increase its efficiency of its business operation. Furthermore the qualified employees be likely with the organisation They hardly ever go away from the company. Training formulates the workforce adaptable in process. People who have been trained in all departments and in all job tasks can be relocated to whichever job. Flexibility is consequently made sure in the company operation. Expansion indicates success, which is reflecting in improved income from year to year in Tesco. Well qualified workforce can contribute to the success of an organisation. Potential requirements of workforce motivation will be met throughout training and development programmes. Organisation acquires fresh diploma holders or graduates or management trainees or apprentices. They are fascinated after course conclusion. Training services as a successful resource of employment. Training is an asset in a company such as in Tesco HR with a promise of better returns in future. Therefore a company such as Tesco has the credibility among its customers and also in their workforce which is a great potential for a company and even in Tesco employees doesnt want to quit their job leave to other because the value creation for employees is very effective and the employees are very committed to the company such as Tesco. The Tesco manages its training through Tescos business image also benefits as customers are more confident in the competence and knowledge of staff. This in turn helps Tesco grow. Tesco has a flexible and structured approach to training and development , which adapts to individual employee needs. This allows people identified as having the potential and desire to do a bigger or different role to take part in training to develop their skills and leadership capability. (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyhow-training-and-development-supports-business-growth) Methods and techniques of training There many ways to train the employees, some of them are directly trained some others are the process of indirect while help them to train on the job itself by experiencing their own way of doing the procedures. Tesco trains it employee through this procedures which has been listed below shadowing a person already in the job shows the employee how to do it coaching a manager or designated colleague will help trainees work through problems and inspire them to find solutions mentoring a more experienced member of staff acts as an adviser Job rotation or secondment the trainee has the opportunity of covering their target role, taking full responsibility on a temporary or limited basis. (Read more: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyhow-training-and-development-supports-business-growth) The Tesco offers variety of ways of training to it employees as the details show in the above description. The training is basically straight forward to their work some as on the job training, where they get to know people on their own work area. There several advantages related to on the job training; Its cost effective than off job training Managers have the option to look into the progress of the employee and can help when problem arises and resolve them quickly Employees has the opportunity of putting the learning into practice Employees is still working in training which is more productive to the company The following table was filtered through the Tesco training and development which helps to find out their skills and ability (Source: How training and development supports business growth) Therefore based on the fact we can clearly say that a company like Tesco has been operating well in their business performance to meets the customer needs by implementing a through HR plan which helps the company to perform well in the area of business. Performance appraisal Performance appraisal is an important tool to get their own feedbacks about their performance in the particular job and it can b used to measure performance, and its mostly carried out by line managers rather than HR department. It is vital to facilitate they identify with their responsibility of performance there various types of appraising models to facilitate the performance as follow; Self appraisal: This is where the person appreciates and appraises himself without a third party involvement. Supervisor Appraisal: This is the most common form of appraisal, appraiser will be the immediate boss or the overall head, it is crucial that appraiser should be familiar with the objectives of the appraisal 180 degree appraisal: Matrix structure, this is developed in the aircraft manufacturing industry, useful for companies having several different projects service by common function setup (Source: http://www.city.ac.uk/hr/dps/general/hr-strategy-2008-2011.pdf) Tesco also uses appraisal techniques to its employees; it uses a 360 degree appraisal. This means all the stakeholder who have asses with the employees performance will give the feedback for e.g. a store department manager may get feedback from their manager, their buddy, other department managers, the HR department and their team. This helps to identify areas that may require further development. The managers and employees hold weekly informal meetings to review their target in particular meeting feedbacks are recorded and carefully scored trainees are given color coded development rating: Red where progress is not on schedule Amber where some elements need more work Green where all activities are on target Blue where the trainee is ahead of the program and using skills to add value. (Source: http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studyhow-training-and-development-supports-business-growth132-359-5.php#ixzz1AJnJxGIT) Health and safety Health and safety are place of work issues through significant managerial and legal propositions for personnel management and other line managers. Naidoo and Wills (2000) identify a number of benefits to organizations from the promotion of health in the workplace: 1. Hard benefits such as improvements in productivity as a result of reduced sickness, absence and staff turnover. 2. Soft benefits including enhanced corporate image. Tesco Health and safety policy has follows: Tesco Health and Safety Policy as follows: Tesco is committed to providing a safe environment for our people, our customers and our visitors. We build safety into our operations by: Making sure everyone knows their responsibility and is well trained. Identifying risks at work and putting in place safe ways of working. Reviewing and learning from accidents when they occur. Our health and safety objectives To reduce accidents and work related ill health. To fully comply with health and safety law. Everyone is the Tesco team needs to be aware of risks to health and safety and work together to make the workplace safer. Look after our people so they can look after our customers. (Source:http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=tsource=webcd=3sqi=2ved=0CCQQFjACurl=) Benefits of good health and safety Health and safety has many advantages in an organization which would safeguard the employees in the work place the benefits as follows: Cost reduction Minimal risk Low employees turnover and absenteeism Low accidents narrowed risk of authorized action outstanding among suppliers and distributors Reputation increases among the stakeholders for corporate social responsibility. Increase in employee productivity and highly motivated employees. Conclusion Human resource management plays an important role in the operation of a company and which can influence the employees performance in which way it benefits the organization. The HRM strategy is to change the mind set of employees and develop their skills and ability through training and development, although training is provided that will not only be a mode of improving employees talent and skill, it has to be reviewed and appraised by their managers, these are the basic elements of the HR. according to Tesco the company has been utilizing its personnel management in an effective way which that the company can be success in the future. In a distinguishing approach the personnel management seeks to achieve competitive advantage through strategic operation of highly trained, committed and capable workforce, ultimately its all about appreciative, researching, applying, and revising human resources in accordance with the company objective in terms of internally and externally throughout t he global environment to enhance the experience of their stakeholders.

The Alchemist Essay -- essays research papers

"That's the principle that governs all things. In alchemy, it's called the Soul of the World. When you want something with all your heart, that's when you are closest to the Soul of the World. It's always a positive force" (80). Anything I've ever wanted to happen bad enough, there has always been a way for me to achieve that goal. Or an alternative that could be more beneficial appears. Except, I wouldn't quite call it the Soul of the World. I'd call it the will of God. Both Santiago in "The Alchemist" and the priest's son in "The Water's of Babylon" worked with the Soul of the World or the will of God. Whatever one calls it, the Soul of the World or the will of God, it is an unstoppable force. If there is a will there is a way. 	Santiago's goal was to reach the treasure at the pyramids in Egypt. From the moment he had the dream about the treasure, the world worked with him so he could realize that goal. Here, Santiago discovers some good omens for his journey: " 'In order to find the treasure, you will have to follow the omens. God has prepared a path for everyone to follow. You just have to read the omens that he left for you.' Before the boy could reply, a butterfly appeared between him and the old man. He remembered something his grandfather had once told him: that butterflies were a good omen. Like crickets, and like expectations; like lizards and four-leaf clovers." 	Even when Santiago had almost given up his j...

Emotions Essay -- essays research papers

Emotions No matter how hard you try, you cannot control your emotions, only attempt to hide them. Emotions influence every aspect of our lives, what we do, what we say, and et cetera. All of our emotions, from anger to insecurity, are influenced by several factors, just as our lives are influenced by our emotions (Gelinas, Emotions 35). First of all, it causes problems when one does not trust himself, and it shows up in many ways. Some people brag to call attention to themselves, causing others to believe that the egoistic person has a lot of self-respect. Very often though, egotism can be an attempt to cover up insecurity in a person who does not feel they will be good enough without it (Gelinas, Emotions 36). Bragging about one’s achievements, material possessions, or achievements reveals a sense of inferiority. Even though one may brag their whole lives, they never reach a sense of well being. This is caused by fixation, which is when a person does not grow emotionally after a certain point (Gelinas, Emotions 64). A person that brags a great deal may also be considered a snob. A snob may not act as a braggart for the same reasons egoistic people do, for what snobs do is act so that they end up isolating themselves. They do this to avoid the trouble of friends, responsibilities, and emotional relationships by giving a snobbish attitude to the people who put up with these things (Gelinas, Emotions 45). Another sign of...

Demanding Creativity: A Production-Oriented Approach to Teaching the Comedia :: Essays Papers

Demanding Creativity: A Production-Oriented Approach to Teaching the Comedia For a growing number of people in the twentieth century United States, the phrase "twenty-first century" evokes the current prominence and future promise of information-age technology. The wonders of e-mail, Web browsing, and "wired" classrooms have descended upon all of us, and these developments have made lasting contributions to the way we think, organize our time, plan our activities, and interact with other people.1 With each passing year, more and more groups and individuals embrace computer technology—most notably, the Internet—for personal and professional purposes, and teachers, scholars, schools, and institutes seem to be at the forefront of this movement. In general, this trend remains in an incipient stage, as the mystique of the Internet has not fully given way to the established use of it, and as profound socio-economic disparities within our society keep the promise and implementation of any computer-based activity out of the reach of some educators and m any students.2 Even in the colleges, universities, and privileged school districts where the technological revolution has been solidly institutionalized for teaching and research purposes, there exist among today’s students—Don Tapscott’s "Net Generation" or "N-Gen"—significant disparities in interest and familiarity with the medium that defines them.3 The twenty first century as a special moment in the history of the technologizing of society may indeed be overstated, but it is certain that Internet technology exercises a direct influence on select aspects of our society, and this phenomenon has affected and continues to affect the people and institutions of society that have remained at the margins of technologization.4 In particular, the process of creation and consumption of Internet technology in certain circles of United States society has emerged from and reinforced an image culture established during this century by the mass popularity of blockbuster cinema and broadcast television.5 The predominantly visual nature of information, ideas, and epistemology of cinema and television has defined image culture in the United States, and image culture, in turn, has transformed and marginalized the primarily verbal nature of information, ideas, and epistemology of print culture. As image culture has established itself in our society, there has been no lack of cultural historians who have taken to print in order to lament the demise of print culture. Neil Postman argues in Amusing Ourselves to Death that this century’s triumph of television over books has weakened the quality of public discourse and thus has rendered education ineffectual.

Moringa Oleifera Research

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Chicken and Poultry Raising in the Philippines Among the poultry species utilized for food production in the whole world, the chicken ranks as the most exploited fowl species. In fact, in the Philippines, chicken is first in economic importance as source of meats and eggs making chicken broiler and egg production as the most progressive animal enterprise in the country. Owing to this fact, this industry has been considerable attention in scientific researches and experimentation.Feeding practices is a vital factor in chicken growth and development, and as such, feeding is the primary activity in this industry. As chicken ages, their nutritional need changes thus feeding begins at Day 2 post hatching and continues in different amounts and kind of chicken feeds until the chickens are ready for harvest and/or egg laying at Day 45. Chicken feeds include different kinds such as chick crumbs, grower pellets, layer pellets and breeder pellets. Of different composition, these chicken feeds are manufactured according to the needs of a rapidly growing chicken.With ample amounts of chicken feeds and water, proper nutrition for broiler chickens is ensured. Feed supplements are also employed to augment nutrition and offer treatment to a flock of chickens. These supplements include grains, fruits and vegetables, grit, oyster shells, and even garlic. In fact, a number of foreign poultry farms utilize garlic to boost a flock’s immune system by putting one or two garlic cloves, unpeeled, uncrushed into the water and leaving it there until they start to sprout. Feed manufacturers and farmers alike always try to enhance their flock’s health by utilizing proper feeds and supplements.Jackfruit, Malunggay and Mongo Beans Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of nutrition and are natural energy boosters. These are loaded with nutrients, vitamins, minerals and amino acids for a balanced body growth and nutrition. Since time immemorial, these have been a ready health resource for humankind as both food stock and feed for their livestock. Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus or A. heteropylla) is a species of tree in the mulberry family (Moraceae), which is native to parts of Southern and Southeast Asia.It is believed indigenous to the rain forests of the Western Ghats of India. It is well suited to humid tropical lowlands and near tropical climates. Its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, reaching 80 pounds (36 kg) in weight and up to 36 inches (90 cm) long and 20 inches (50 cm) in diameter. The pulp of the ripe jackfruit may be eaten fresh or incorporated into fruit salad. The seeds, which appeal to all tastes, are eaten when boiled or roasted. The flesh of the jackfruit is starchy, fibrous and is a source of dietary fiber.The flavor is similar to a tart banana. Varieties of jackfruit are distinguished according to the characteristics of the fruits’ flesh. In Brazil, three va rieties are recognized. These are: jaca-dura, or â€Å"hard† variety, which has firm flesh and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 to 40 kilograms each; jaca-mole, or â€Å"soft† variety, which bears smaller fruits, with softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga, or â€Å"butter† variety, which bears sweet fruits, whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† varieties.Moringa(Moringa oelifera), the English name, which is called Malunggay in the Philippines and Sajina in Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia is a wonderful herb known all over the world. It is best known as an excellent source of nutrition and a natural energy booster. Malunggay leaves was once considered a â€Å"poor man's vegetables† but now it is known as a â€Å"miracle tree† or â€Å"nature's medicine cabinet† by scientists and health care workers from around the world because it is loaded with vitamins and minerals that can be an effective remedy against many kinds of ailments.Other health benefits identified by people who use Moringa continue this same pattern: immune system strengthened, skin condition restored, blood pressure controlled, headaches and migraines handled, diabetes sugar level managed, inflammations and arthritis pains reduced, tumors restricted and ulcers healed. As loaded with nutrients, each ounce of Moringa contains seven times the Vitamin C found in oranges, four times the Vitamin A of carrots, three times the iron of spinach, four times as much calcium as milk and three times the potassium of bananas.Mung beans are commonly used in Chinese cuisine, where they are called ludou (literally â€Å"green bean†), as well as in Burma (where it is called penauk or peti), Thailand, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Southeast Asia. In Vietnam, they are called d? uxanh (again, literally â€Å"green bean†). In Indonesia, they are calle d kacanghijau or katjangidju, and are generally eaten either whole (with or without skins) or as bean sprouts, or used to make the dessert â€Å"green bean soup†.The starch of mung beans is also extracted from them to make jellies and â€Å"transparent† or â€Å"cellophane† noodles. Mung beans are light yellow in color when their skins are removed. They can be made into mung bean paste by dehulling, cooking, and pulverizing the beans to a dry paste. In Hong Kong, dehulled mung beans and mung bean paste are made into ice cream or frozen ice pops. Mung bean paste is used as a common filling for Chinese moon cakes in East China and Taiwan. Also in China, the boiled and shelled beans are used as filling in glutinous rice dumplings eaten during the dragon boat festival.Aside from culinary purposes and providing health benefit to the people, these plants can also be utilized for other essential purposes, i. e. as feed supplements for poultry raising, especially in the present that clamour for organic farm-raised livestock and foodstock is rising. Consequently, the researchers believe that the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans will provide additional nutritional effects to commercial feeds if used as a feed supplement.This study is focused on determining the effect of the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as feed supplement to commercial chick feeds. The researchers aim to provide additional effective and cost efficient alternatives and supplements to chick feeds to help a very important economic industry in our country. Statement of the Problem This research study aims to determine the effect of the jackfruit seeds flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as supplement to commercial chick feeds.Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Is the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans an effective su pplement to commercial chick feeds? 2. What benefits do chicks get from the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as a feed supplement to commercial chick feeds? 3. Is there significant difference between the commercial feeds and the commercial feeds supplemented with jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans?Significance of the Study The outcome of this study will be significant to the following group of persons: General Public. This study will provide the public added assurance of the good quality of feeds and feed supplements that poultry product in the market consumes. Community Leaders. This study will allow the community leaders to start programs that will spread the effectiveness of jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as effective chicken feed supplements for the awareness of the public.Students, Instructors, and Researchers. This study will benefit them the knowledge, skills a nd information necessary for dissemination of the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as chicken feed supplements and the associated facts about the intertwined discipline of science and agriculture. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The research study was conducted from June 2010 to March 2011 in the Nabua National High School under the supervision of Ms. Neraldin Adela M. Deris, the research teacher.The research study was focused on testing the effect on broiler chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture made from jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans compared with chicks fed with commercial chick feeds only. It was delimited on determining the effect of jackfruit seeds mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as a supplement to commercial chick feeds. Definition of Terms In the context of the study, the following terms were operationally and conceptually defined to give substantial meani ng and for easy understanding. Effect refers to something produced by an action or cause.It is that which it is produced, usually more or less immediately and directly. Commercial chicken feeds are manufactured dry mash for poultry. Control group refers to the group of chicks used as test subject that were fed with commercial chicken feed only. Experimental group refers to the group of chicks used as test subject that were fed with the commercial chicken feeds supplemented with jackfruit flour mixed with malunggay and monggo beans. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter will introduce the review of related literature, and conceptual frameworks of the study.The review of related literature will provide clear understanding regarding the variables being studied from other published information; the review of related studies will enumerate the similarities of variables of the present study from other studies; the conceptual framework will present the correlatio n of variables and its diagrammatic representation of the variables of the thesis. These elements that were enumerated above will serve as the building block and will give great help to support and understand more the background of this study.Early men and early researchers both foreign and local were able to recognize the therapeutic actions and properties of certain plants and started gathering, collecting and afterwards reproducing those plants in mass for future intentions. Some plants have recently attracted the attention of modern science because of their potential medicinal effect and benefits to human beings. At present, there are now large quantities of works, articles, books and readings published and compiled in bookstores, libraries and nowadays can be easily found and are widely spread on the internet.These articles contained information and descriptions of the use of lots of identified and acknowledged useful plants in our ecosystem. Jackfuit, malunggay and monggo bean s belong to these known useful plants since it has many identified nutrients and effective therapeutic actions to human beings. Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) It is commonly used as a cuisine in Southeast Asian and South Asian countries. In South India, the jackfruit is a popular food ranking after mango and banana. They are large trees often reaching 60 feet (20 m) in nature. It is a native to south western of India, Philippines, Sri Lanka and east of Malaysia.It is believed that jackfruit’s origin to the rainforests of the Western Ghat of India. It was introduced to into northern Brazil in the mid of 19th and became very popular there. The jackfruit tree is believed to be indigenous to the south western rain forests of India. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions of Indian subcontinent, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Brazil for its fruit, seeds and wood. The tree grows best under tropical humid and rainy regions but rarely survives cold and frosty conditi ons, grows to as high as 30 meters, higher than the mango tree.During the season, each tree bears as many as 250 large fruits, supposed to be the  largest tree-borne fruit in the world. The fruit varies widely in size, weigh from 3 to 30 kg and has oblong or round shape measuring 10 cm to 60 cm in length, 25 to 75 cm in diameter. The unripe fruits are green in color; when ripen, might turn to light brown color and gives pungent smell. Like  durian fruit, its outer surface is covered with blunt thorn like projections which become soft in ripened fruit. The interior consists of orange-yellow colored edible bulbs.Each bulb consists of sweet flavored sheaths that enclose a smooth, oval, light-brown color seed. Jack fruit seed is 2 to 4 cm long and 1 to 3 cm thick and is white and crisp within. There may be as many as 100 to 500 edible bulbs embedded in a single fruit interspersed between thin bands of fibers. Almost all the parts of the tree gives white sticky latex like juice when injured. The fruit is made of soft, easily digestible flesh (bulbs) with simple sugars like fructose and sucrose that wheneaten replenishes energy and revitalizes the body instantly.Jack-fruit is rich in dietary fiber, which makes it a good bulk laxative. Mung Bean Also known as green bean, choroko (in Swahili), mung, mongo, moong, moog (whole) or moog dal (split) (in Bengali, Marathi), mash bean, munggo or monggo, green gram, golden gram, and green soy, is the seed of Vigna radiate which is native to  Bangladesh,  India,   and Pakistan. The split bean is known as  pesara(Telugu), which is green with the husk, and yellow when dehusked. The beans are small, ovoid in shape, and green in color. The English word â€Å"mung† derives from the Hindi:  mung.The mung bean is one of many species recently moved from the  genus  Phaseolus  to  Vigna, and is still often seen cited as Phaseolusaureus or Phaseolusradiates. Moringa Oleifera Commonly referred to as â€Å"Sh ojne† in  Bengali, â€Å"Munagakaya† in  Telugu, â€Å"Shevaga† in  Marathi  & â€Å"Nuggekai† in Kannada, â€Å"Moringa†(from  Tamil:  Murungai,  Malayalam:  Mashingasanga,  Konkani:  Muringa), is the most widely cultivated species of the genus  Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with  a variety of potential uses.The tree itself is rather slender, with drooping branches  that grow to approximately 10 m in height. In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1 meter or less and allowed to regrow so that pods and leaves remain within arm's reach. The  immature  green pods called â€Å"drumstick† are probably the most valued and widely used part of the tree. They are commonly consumed in India and are generally prepared in a similar fashion to  green beans  and have a slight  asparagus  taste. The seeds are sometimes removed from more mature pods and eaten like  peas  or roasted like  nuts.The leaves are highly  nutritious, being a significant source of  beta-carotene,  Vitamin C,  protein,  iron, and  potassium. [5]  The leaves are cooked and used like  spinach. In addition to being used fresh as a substitute for spinach, its leaves are commonly dried and crushed into a  powder, and used in soups and sauces. Murungakai, as it is locally known in Tamil Nadu  and  Kerala, is used in  Siddha medicine. The tree is a goodsource for calcium orus. In Siddha medicines, these drumstick seeds are used as a sexual  virility  drug for treatingerectile dysfunction in men and also in women for prolonging sexual activity.Moringa leaves and pods are helpful in increasing breast milk in the breastfeeding months. One tablespoon of leaf powder provides 14% of the protein, 40% of the calcium, 23% of the iron and most of the vitamin A needs of a child aged one to three. Six tablespoons of leaf powder will provide nearly all of the woman's daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The Moringa seeds yield 38–40%  edible oil  (called  ben oil  from the high concentration of behenic acid contained in the oil). The  refined oil  is clear, odorless, and resists  rancidity  at least as well as any other botanical oil.The seed cake remaining after oil extraction may be used as a  fertilizer  or as a flocculent to purify water. The bark,  sap, roots, leaves, seeds, oil, and flowers are used in  traditional medicine  in several countries. In Jamaica, the sap is used for a blue  dye. Chicken Feeds Feed comes in three forms:  crumbles, pellets, and  mash. Research has shown that chickens grow and lay better on crumbles (commonly used for finisher rations and some adult feeds). Pellets (usually used for adult birds) are the second-best, whereas mash is the least-preferred although the most common for starter rations. Starte r rations for chicksThe ration for  layer-breed chicks, usually called â€Å"starter rations,† should be 20 percent protein. From the time they start eating, meat chicks need a high protein feed of about 22 to 24 percent protein for the first six weeks. It’s called â€Å"meat bird starter† or â€Å"broiler starter. † Cornish X Rock crosses (Broiler chickens) grow extremely quickly and require precise diets. After the first six weeks, the protein percentage for these birds can be lowered to 18 to 20 percent until they’re butchered. â€Å"Meat bird† or â€Å"broiler grower-finisher† is generally a label aimed at meat birds in their last weeks.Grower and finisher rations shouldn’t contain antibiotics because these can be carried into the meat. Synthesis of the State-of-the-art The current study â€Å"The Effect of jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and mongo beans as chicken feed supplement† has simila rities in some aspects to the previous studies carried out by other health and agricultural researchers. For example, the seed of the jackfruit as alternative flour, the process or method of preparation used and the objective of the researcher why it was the chosen topic to be studied. The present study was similar to the previous research by T.Papazyan and P. Surai who studied the effects of Selenium feed supplementation on chick growth and development. The study mentioned evaluated the effects of Selenium supplementation on growing chicks. The difference of the present study to the previously mentioned study is that the present study will emphasize on jackfruit, malunggay and monggo bean flour mix as feed supplement on commercial feeds and its effects be studied upon based on the chick’s weight changes. Conceptual Framework Assumptions of the Study The study will be conducted in the following assumptions that: 1.The jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans is effective as a commercial chicken feed supplement. 2. The jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans would help the chicken and poultry raisers consider a healthier and organic feed supplement to commercially manufactured ones. Null Hypothesis (H0) There is no significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only.Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) There is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only. Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Method The study made use of the experimental method to assess the effectiveness of jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans. The exper imental method comprised the systematic procedure that was used in the course of the present study.Preparation of the Jackfruit, Malunggay and Mongo Beans Flour Mixture Preparation of the individual ingredient of the flour mixture is first done separately. The jackfruit seeds were first boiled to easily remove the seed coat. After removing the seed coat, the seeds were ground into a pulp, sieved, and oven baked until it was ready to be grounded into flour like consistency. The malunggay leaves on the other hand were sun-dried first until it was ready to be finely grounded and sieved. The monggo beans underwent the same procedure as the jackfruit seeds. When all the three components were ready they were evenly mixed.Preparation of Flour The Experimental Set-up Two groups of two day old broiler chicks of almost equal weight made up of 15 chicks each were used. The control group were fed with commercial chick feeds, specifically chick starter feeds, without the flour mixture supplement . The experimental group were fed with chick starter feeds with the flour mixture supplement. Each group were fed ad libitum (ie, spontaneously, without any fixed hours or times in a day) for 10 days (from day 3 to day 13 post hatching). Each chick were weighed before the battery of feeding began each day from Day 1 to Day 10.Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1. 1. The Experimental Group. Mass (g) of chicks fed with commercial chick starter feeds with jackfruit, malunggay and monggo beans flour mixture supplement Chick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment(Day 1)| After Treatment(Day 10)| Deviation (D)| D2| 1| 84| 97| 13| 169| 2| 84| 97| 13| 169| 3| 84| 96| 12| 144| 4| 84| 98| 14| 196| 5| 84| 96| 12| 144| 6| 84| 97| 13| 169| 7| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 8| 84| 96| 12| 144| 9| 84| 97| 13| 169| 10| 84| 98| 14| 196| 11| 84| 97| 13| 169| 12| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 13| 84| 97| 13| 169| 4| 84| 98| 14| 196| 15| 84| 97. 8| 13. 8| 190. 44| ?D= 196. 8| ? D2= 2588. 94| Table 1. 2. The Control Group. Mass (g) of chicks fed with commercial chick starter feeds without supplements Chick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment(Day 1)| After Treatment(Day 10)| Deviation (D)| D2| 1| 84| 92| 8| 64| 2| 84| 92| 8| 64| 3| 84| 93. 5| 9. 5| 90. 25| 4| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 5| 84| 93| 9| 81| 6| 84| 93| 9| 81| 7| 84| 93| 9| 81| 8| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 9| 84| 93| 9| 81| 10| 84| 93| 9| 81| 11| 84| 93. 2| 9. 2| 84. 64| 12| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 84| 93| 9| 81| 4| 84| 94| 10| 100| 15| 84| 93| 9| 81| ?D= 133. 2| ? D2= 1186. 64| Table 1. 3. T-test for two independent samples TREATMENT| | | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| Experimental Group| 13| 13| 12| 14| 12| 13| 13. 5| 12| 13| 14| 13| 13. 5| 13| 14| 13. 8| Control Group| 8| 8| 9. 5| 8. 5| 9| 9| 9| 8. 5| 9| 9| 9. 2| 8. 5| 9| 10| 9| Table 1. 4. X1| X12| X2| X22| 13| 169| 8| 64| 13| 169| 8| 64| 12| 144| 9. 5| 96. 25| 14| 196| 8. 5| 72. 25| 12| 144| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9| 81| 13. 5| 182. 25| 9| 81| 12| 14 4| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9. 2| 84. 64| 3. 5| 182. 25| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 10| 100| 13. 8| 190. 44| 9| 81| ?X1=196. 8| ? X12=2588. 94 | ? X2=133. 8| ? X22=1186. 64| The statistical tool used in the research study was the t-test. The null hypothesis (H0) is that there is no significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is there is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial hick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only. The result from the statistical treatment is the calculated t is larger than the t critical so the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha)is accepted. It is found that the flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans is effective as a feed supplement to commercially manufactured chick starter feeds. Findings The following findings were drawn from the research. 1.That there is significant difference between the weights of the chicks of the experimental and control group before and after feeding. The chicks of the experimental group, that is, those fed with chicken starter feeds with the jackfruit, malunggay and monggo beans flour mixture were found to be heavier than those of the control group. 2. The alternative hypothesis is accepted that there is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only.Conclusion With the context of the findings of this study, the researchers conclude that the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay l eaves and monggo beans is an effective chicken feed supplement. Recommendation Based on the findings and conclusions, it is recommended that the future researchers should add new ideas that would enhance the effectiveness of the product. References/ Bibliography Internet References http://www. malunggay. com/description. htm http://www. philippineherbalmedicine. org/malunggay. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/mungbean http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/jackfruitflour http://hubpages. com/hub/Health-Benefits-of-Malunggay-Leaves http://www. dummies. com/how-to/content/how-to-buy-healthy-chicks-for-raising-chickens. html http://professorchicken. webs. com/timelineofachicken. htm http://professorchicken. webs. com/feeding. htm http://www. bar. gov. ph/agfishtech/livestock/chickenproduction. asp#intro http://journals. cambridge. org/action/displayAbstract? fromPage=online&aid=4822704 http://www. cabi. org/animalscience/Uploads/File/AnimalScience/additionalFiles/WPSAStrasbourgAug2007/109. pd fBibliography Ahmed, K. , M. Malek, K. Jahan and K. Salamatullah 1986. Nutritive value of Food Stuff 3rd edn Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh,pp: 16-17. Burkill, H. M. , 1997. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 4, 2ndEdn. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp: 160-161. Hossain, M. K. , M. AzizurRahman, A. K. M. MatiorRahman and A. JabbarMian, 1990. Some low molecular weight compounds isolated and characterized from jackfruit ( Artocarpusheterophyllus). J. Bang. Acad. Sci. , 14: 49-56. M. O. Smith and R. G. Teeter (1993).Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick growth and development. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 121, pp 421-425 Rahman, A. K. M. M. ,E. Huq, A. J. Mian and A. Chesson, 1995. Microscopic and chemical changes occurring during the ripening of two forms of jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus L). Food Chem. , 65: 91-97. Selvaraj, Y. and D. K. Pal,1989. Biochemical changes during ripening of jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus L). J. Food Sci. Tec. , 26:304-307. Appendices Jackfruit Seeds Malunggay Leaves Monggo Seeds E X P E R I M E N T A L C O N T R O L The ExperimentControl Setup Chick| Mass of the chicks in grams (g)| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 1| 84| 86| 86. 5| 87| 87. 5| 88| 88. 5| 89| 90| 92| 2| 84| 85| 85. 5| 86| 86. 5| 87| 88| 89. 5| 90| 92| 3| 84| 85| 86| 86. 5| 87| 87. 5| 88| 89| 91| 93. 5| 4| 84| 85| 85. 8| 86. 3| 87. 5| 88| 88. 5| 89. 3| 90| 92. 5| 5| 84| 85| 85. 8| 86| 87| 88| 89| 90| 91| 93| 6| 84| 85| 85| 86| 87. 5| 88. 5| 89| 90. 3| 91| 93| 7| 84| 86| 86. 5| 87| 87. 5| 88| 89| 90| 91| 93| 8| 84| 85. 5| 86| 86. 5| 87| 88| 88. 5| 89. 8| 90. 5| 92. 5| 9| 84| 84. 5| 85. 5| 86| 87| 88. 3| 89| 90| 91| 93| 10| 84| 85| 86| 86. | 87| 87. 5| 88| 89. 5| 90. 3| 93| 11| 84| 85| 86| 86. 5| 87. 5| 88| 89| 90| 91| 93. 5| 12| 84| 86| 85| 87| 87. 3| 88| 89| 90. 5| 91| 92. 5| 13| 84| 86| 86| 86| 87. 5| 88. 3| 89| 90| 91. 3| 93| 14| 84| 85| 85. 5| 85. 5| 86| 87| 89| 90| 91. 5| 94| 15| 84| 85. 5| 86| 86| 86. 5| 87| 88| 89. 3| 90| 93| Experimental Setup Chick| Mass of the chicks in grams (g)| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 1| 84| 86| 88| 89| 90. 1| 91| 93| 93. 8| 94. 5| 96. 5| 2| 84| 86| 87| 88| 89. 5| 90. 5| 92| 92. 5| 93| 97| 3| 84| 86| 87| 88| 89| 90| 91| 92| 93| 96| 4| 84| 86| 87. 5| 89| 90| 91. 5| 92. | 93| 95| 97. 5| 5| 84| 86| 88| 90| 92| 92| 93| 93. 5| 94| 96| 6| 84| 86. 5| 87. 5| 88. 5| 89| 90| 91| 92| 94. 5| 96. 5| 7| 84| 86| 88| 89| 90| 91| 92| 93| 95| 97. 5| 8| 84| 87| 88| 88. 8| 90. 5| 91| 92| 93| 95| 96| 9| 84| 86| 86. 5| 88| 90| 91. 5| 93| 94| 96| 97. 5| 10| 84| 85| 86| 87. 5| 89| 90| 91. 5| 92| 95| 96| 11| 84| 87| 88| 89| 90| 91| 90| 93| 94. 5| 97| 12| 84| 86. 5| 87| 88| 89. 5| 90| 91| 92. 5| 94| 97. 5| 13| 84| 86| 87| 88. 5| 89. 5| 90. 5| 90. 5| 92| 95| 97| 14| 84| 86| 86. 8| 88| 90| 90| 90| 92| 94| 96| 15| 84| 86| 88| 89| 90| 91| 91| 93| 94. 5| 97. 8| Control GroupChick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment| After Treatment| Deviation ( D)| D2| 1| 84| 92| 8| 64| 2| 84| 92| 8| 64| 3| 84| 93. 5| 9. 5| 90. 25| 4| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 5| 84| 93| 9| 81| 6| 84| 93| 9| 81| 7| 84| 93| 9| 81| 8| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 9| 84| 93| 9| 81| 10| 84| 93| 9| 81| 11| 84| 93. 2| 9. 2| 84. 64| 12| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 84| 93| 9| 81| 14| 84| 94| 10| 100| 15| 84| 93| 9| 81| ?D= 133. 2| ? D2= 1186. 64| Experimental Group Chick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment| After Treatment| Deviation (D)| D2| 1| 84| 97| 13| 169| 2| 84| 97| 13| 169| | 84| 96| 12| 144| 4| 84| 98| 14| 196| 5| 84| 96| 12| 144| 6| 84| 97| 13| 169| 7| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 8| 84| 96| 12| 144| 9| 84| 97| 13| 169| 10| 84| 98| 14| 196| 11| 84| 97| 13| 169| 12| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 13| 84| 97| 13| 169| 14| 84| 98| 14| 196| 15| 84| 97. 8| 13. 8| 190. 44| ?D= 196. 8| ? D2= 2588. 94| Computation H0 = There is no significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malungga y leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only.Ha = There is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds onlyThere is significant difference between the mass of chicks before and after feeding of the prepared flour mixture. Control group a. ?d2 = ? d2 – (? D)2N = 1186. 64 – (133. 2)215 = 1186. 64 – (17742. 24)15 = 1186. 64 – 1182. 816 = 3. 824 b. SD = ? d2N( N-1) = 3. 82415(14) = 3. 284210 = 0. 0182095 SD = 0. 1349 c. D = ? DN = 133. 215 = 8. 88 d. t = DSD = 8. 880. 349 = 65. 8265 df = 5 ? 0. 05 t critical = t0. 05 = 2. 571 Since the computed/calculated t is larger than the t critical (tcalculated > tcritical), reject H0 and accept Ha. Decision: There is significant difference between the mass of chicks before and after feeding of the commercial start er chicks feeds supplemented with the prepared flour mixture Experimental group a. ?d2 = ? d2 – (? D)2N =2588. 94 – (196. 8)215 =2588. 94 – 38730. 2415 =2588. 94 – 2582. 016 = 6. 924 b. SD = ? d2N( N-1) = 6. 92415(14) = 6. 924210 = 0. 0329714 SD = 0. 1816 c. D = ? DN = 196. 815 = 13. 12 d. t = DSD = 13. 20. 1816 = 72. 2467 df = 5 ? 0. 05 t critical = t0. 05 = 2. 571 Since the computed/calculated t is larger than the t critical (tcalculated > tcritical), reject H0 and accept Ha. Decision: There is significant difference between the mass of chicks before and after feeding of commercial chicken starter feeds supplemented with the prepared flour mixture. T-test for two independent samples TREATMENT| | | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| Prepared flour mixture| 13| 13| 12| 14| 12| 13| 13. 5| 12| 13| 14| 13| 13. 5| 13| 14| 13. 8| Chicken feeds| 8| 8| 9. 5| 8. 5| 9| 9| 9| 8. | 9| 9| 9. 2| 8. 5| 9| 10| 9| X1| X12| X2| X22| 13| 169| 8| 64| 13| 169 | 8| 64| 12| 144| 9. 5| 96. 25| 14| 196| 8. 5| 72. 25| 12| 144| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9| 81| 13. 5| 182. 25| 9| 81| 12| 144| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9. 2| 84. 64| 13. 5| 182. 25| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 10| 100| 13. 8| 190. 44| 9| 81| ?X1=196. 8| ? X12=2588. 94 | ? X2=133. 8| ? X22=1186. 64| x1 = ? X1N1 = 196. 815 = 13. 12 x2 = ? X2N2 = 133. 815 = 8. 92 Sx1-x2 = ? X12- ? X1? N1 + ? X22- ? X2? N2 N1+N2-21N1+1N2 =2588. 94- 196. 8? 15+ 1186. 64- 133. 8? 15 15+15-2115+115 =2588. 94- 38730. 415+ 1186. 64- 17902. 4415 15+15-2115+115 =2588. 94-2582. 016+1186. 64-1193. 496 15+15-2115+115 =6. 924+-6. 85628115+115 =0. 06828115+115 =0. 002429+215 =0. 002429+0. 1333 = 0. 135729 = 0. 3684 Since: SC=x? -x? Sx1-x2 =13. 12-8. 920. 3684 =4. 20. 3684 = 11. 4007 tcritical = 2. 571 tcalculated = 11. 4007 Since the computed/calculated t is larger than the t critical (tcalculated > tcritical), reject H0 and accept Ha. Decision: There is significant difference betwe en the mass of chicks before and after feeding of the commercial chick starter feeds supplemented with the prepasred flour mixture.